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The Property Owners and Managers Survey
The Property Owners and Managers Survey (POMS) was designed to learn more about rental housing and the providers of rental housing. The purpose was to gain a better understanding of the property owners and managers on whom the nation depends to provide affordable rental housing and what motivates their rental and maintenance policies. Interviewing for the survey was done between November 1995 and June 1996.
A nationwide sample of approximately 16,300 housing units which were rented or vacant-for-rent in the 1993 American Housing Survey National Sample (AHS-N) was selected, and a questionnaire was mailed to the property owner, manager, or other agent of the owner of each property containing a selected unit. Detailed information was collected on maintenance, management practices, tenant policy, financial aspects of rental property ownership, owner characteristics, and related topics.
Analysts can use survey results to answer the question: Who are the owners of the nation's rental units and do their actions differ greatly between different segments of the rental market? The survey results also can be used to analyze the problems facing owners and managers of rental units, and as an aid in understanding more about what are considered priorities by owners and managers.
POMS Sample Areas
The addresses included in the POMS sample were limited to counties and independent cities in the 438 sampling areas used for the Census Bureau's 1993 American Housing Survey (AHS) National Sample.
Units Included
A unit (and the property containing the unit) was included in the survey if it was a privately owned rental unit in the 1993 AHS-N, and was still rental at the time of the POMS (November 1995 to June 1996). A unit was considered rental if it was either rented for cash rent, occupied by someone other than the owner without payment of cash rent, or vacant but available for rent.
Units Excluded
The following types of units (and the properties containing these units) were either excluded from the original sample, or were identified as being out of the scope of the survey during the conduct of the survey.
Units owned by a public housing authority
Units owned by the United States Military or any other Federal agency
Units that were owner-occupied
Units that were vacant, but were available for sale only
Units that were vacant, but were not available for rent or sale
Units used primarily as second or vacation homes
Units that were rental at the time of the 1993 AHS-N, but were no longer rental at the time of the POMS (November 1995 to June 1996)
Units that became rental after the 1993 AHS-N i.e., new construction and units converted from owner to rental
Relationship to Other Surveys
This survey does not duplicate work done in other Census Bureau surveys or studies that deal with rental units or properties, but can be used to supplement such surveys as the American Housing Survey (AHS) and the Residential Finance Survey (RFS).
Related Products
There are two public use microdata files available. The first is for units in single-unit rental properties which include:
Single-family detached houses
Single-family attached houses, rowhouses, or townhouses
Single housing units attached to a business
Condominium units (house or apartment)
Cooperative units (house or apartment)
Mobile homes
The second is for units in multi-unit rental properties (two or more housing units) which include:
Units in apartment buildings or complexes (non-condominium or cooperative)
Single-family houses with an extra unit such as a garage, attic, or basement apartment
Units in duplexes or triplexes
Units in any other property with two or more housing units
These files are available on magnetic tape or CD-ROM. They can be ordered from the Administrative and Customer Services Division, Customer Services (Order Desk), Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC 20233. Contact the Financial and Market Characteristics Branch at 301-763-3199 or visit ask.census.gov for further information on Property Owners & Managers Survey (POMS) Data.
Property Management
Buildings can be homes, stores, or offices to those who use them. To businesses and investors, properly managed real estate is a source of income and profits; to homeowners, it is a way to preserve and enhance resale values. Property, real estate, and community association managers maintain and increase the value of real estate investments. Property and real estate managers oversee the performance of income-producing commercial or residential properties and ensure that real estate investments achieve their expected revenues. Community association managers manage the common property and services of condominiums, cooperatives, and planned communities through their homeowners' or community associations.
When owners of apartments, office buildings, or retail or industrial properties lack the time or expertise needed for the day-to-day management of their real estate investments or homeowners' associations, they often hire a property or real estate manager or a community association manager. The manager is employed either directly by the owner or indirectly through a contract with a property management firm.
Generally, property and real estate managers handle the financial operations of the property, ensuring that rent is collected and that mortgages, taxes, insurance premiums, payroll, and maintenance bills are paid on time. In community associations, although homeowners pay no rent and pay their own real estate taxes and mortgages, community association managers must collect association dues. Some property managers, called asset property managers, supervise the preparation of financial statements and periodically report to the owners on the status of the property, occupancy rates, expiration dates of leases, and other matters.
Often, property managers negotiate contracts for janitorial, security, groundskeeping, trash removal, and other services. When contracts are awarded competitively, managers solicit bids from several contractors and advise the owners on which bid to accept. They monitor the performance of contractors and investigate and resolve complaints from residents and tenants when services are not properly provided. Managers also purchase supplies and equipment for the property and make arrangements with specialists for repairs that cannot be handled by regular property maintenance staff.
In addition to fulfilling these duties, property managers must understand and comply with provisions of legislation, such as the Americans with Disabilities Act and the Federal Fair Housing Amendment Act, as well as local fair housing laws. They must ensure that their renting and advertising practices are not discriminatory and that the property itself complies with all of the local, State, and Federal regulations and building codes.
Onsite property managers are responsible for the day-to-day operations of a single property, such as an office building, a shopping center, a community association, or an apartment complex. To ensure that the property is safe and properly maintained, onsite managers routinely inspect the grounds, facilities, and equipment to determine whether repairs or maintenance is needed. In handling requests for repairs or trying to resolve complaints they meet not only with current residents, but also with prospective residents or tenants to show vacant apartments or office space. Onsite managers also are responsible for enforcing the terms of rental or lease agreements, such as rent collection, parking and pet restrictions, and termination-of-lease procedures. Other important duties of onsite managers include keeping accurate, up-to-date records of income and expenditures from property operations and submitting regular expense reports to the asset property manager or owners.
Property managers who do not work onsite act as a liaison between the onsite manager and the owner. They also market vacant space to prospective tenants through the use of a leasing agent or by advertising or other means, and they establish rental rates in accordance with prevailing local economic conditions.
Some property and real estate managers, often called real estate asset managers, act as the property owners' agent and adviser for the property. They plan and direct the purchase, development, and disposition of real estate on behalf of the business and investors. These managers focus on long-term strategic financial planning, rather than on day-to-day operations of the property.
In deciding to acquire property, real estate asset managers take several factors into consideration, such as property values, taxes, zoning, population growth, transportation, and traffic volume and patterns. Once a site is selected, they negotiate contracts for the purchase or lease of the property, securing the most beneficial terms. Real estate asset managers review their company's real estate holdings periodically and identify properties that are no longer financially profitable. They then negotiate the sale of, or terminate the lease on, such properties.
In many respects, the work of community association managers parallels that of property managers. They collect monthly assessments, prepare financial statements and budgets, negotiate with contractors, and help to resolve complaints. In other respects, however, the work of these managers differs from that of other residential property and real estate managers. Community association managers interact with homeowners and other residents on a daily basis. Hired by the volunteer board of directors of the association, they administer the daily affairs, and oversee the maintenance, of property and facilities that the homeowners own and use jointly through the association. They also assist the board and owners in complying with association and government rules and regulations.
Some associations encompass thousands of homes and employ their own onsite staff and managers. In addition to administering the associations' financial records and budget, managers may be responsible for the operation of community pools, golf courses, and community centers and for the maintenance of landscaping and parking areas. Community association managers also may meet with the elected boards of directors to discuss and resolve legal issues or disputes that may affect the owners, as well as to review any proposed changes or improvements by homeowners to their properties, to make sure that they comply with community guidelines.
Working Conditions [About this section] Back to Top
The offices of most property, real estate, and community association managers are clean, modern, and well lighted. However, many managers spend a major portion of their time away from their desks. Onsite managers in particular may spend a large portion of their workday away from their offices, visiting the building engineer, showing apartments, checking on the janitorial and maintenance staff, or investigating problems reported by tenants. Property and real estate managers frequently visit the properties they oversee, sometimes on a daily basis when contractors are doing major repair or renovation work. Real estate asset managers may spend time away from home while traveling to company real estate holdings or searching for properties to acquire.
Property, real estate, and community association managers often must attend evening meetings with residents, property owners, community association boards of directors, or civic groups. Not surprisingly, many managers put in long workweeks, especially before financial and tax reports are due and before board and annual meetings. Some apartment managers are required to live in the apartment complexes where they work so that they are available to handle any emergency that occurs, even when they are off duty. They usually receive compensatory time off for working nights or weekends. Many apartment managers receive time off during the week so that they are available on weekends to show apartments to prospective residents.
Training, Other Qualifications, and Advancement
Most employers prefer to hire college graduates for property management positions. Entrants with degrees in business administration, accounting, finance, real estate, public administration, or related fields are preferred, but those with degrees in the liberal arts also may qualify. Good speaking, writing, computer, and financial skills, as well as an ability to deal tactfully with people, are essential in all areas of property management.
Many people enter property management as onsite managers of apartment buildings, office complexes, or community associations or as employees of property management firms or community association management companies. As they acquire experience working under the direction of a property manager, they may advance to positions greater responsibility at larger properties. Those who excel as onsite managers often transfer to assistant property manager positions, in which they can acquire experience handling a broad range of property management responsibilities.
Previous employment as a real estate sales agent may be an asset to onsite managers because it provides experience that is useful in showing apartments or office space. In the past, those with backgrounds in building maintenance have advanced to onsite manager positions on the strength of their knowledge of building mechanical systems, but this path is becoming less common as employers place greater emphasis on administrative, financial, and communication abilities for managerial jobs.
Although many people entering jobs such as assistant property manager do so by having previously gained onsite management experience, employers increasingly are hiring inexperienced college graduates with bachelor's or master's degrees in business administration, accounting, finance, or real estate for these positions. Assistants work closely with a property manager and learn how to prepare budgets, analyze insurance coverage and risk options, market property to prospective tenants, and collect overdue rent payments. In time, many assistants advance to property manager positions.
The responsibilities and compensation of property, real estate, and community association managers increase as these workers manage more and larger properties. Most property managers, often called portfolio managers, are responsible for several properties at a time. As their careers advance, they gradually are entrusted with larger properties that are more complex to manage. Many specialize in the management of one type of property, such as apartments, office buildings, condominiums, cooperatives, homeowners' associations, or retail properties. Managers who excel at marketing properties to tenants might specialize in managing new properties, while those who are particularly knowledgeable about buildings and their mechanical systems might specialize in the management of older properties requiring renovation or more frequent repairs. Some experienced managers open their own property management firms.
Persons most commonly enter real estate asset manager jobs by transferring from positions as property managers or real estate brokers. Real estate asset managers must be good negotiators, adept at persuading and handling people, and good at analyzing data in order to assess the fair-market value of property or its development potential. Resourcefulness and creativity in arranging financing are essential for managers who specialize in land development.
Many employers encourage attendance at short-term formal training programs conducted by various professional and trade associations that are active in the real estate field. Employers send managers to these programs to improve their management skills and expand their knowledge of specialized subjects, such as the operation and maintenance of building mechanical systems, the enhancement of property values, insurance and risk management, personnel management, business and real estate law, community association risks and liabilities, tenant relations, communications, accounting and financial concepts, and reserve funding. Managers also participate in these programs to prepare themselves for positions of greater responsibility in property management. The completion of these programs, related job experience, and a satisfactory score on a written examination leads to certification, or the formal award of a professional designation, by the sponsoring association. (Some organizations offering such programs are listed as sources of additional information at the end of this statement.) In addition to seeking these qualifications, some associations require their members to adhere to a specific code of ethics. In a few States, community association managers must be licensed.
Managers of public housing subsidized by the Federal Government are required to be certified, but many property, real estate, and community association managers who work with all types of property choose to earn a professional designation voluntarily, because it represents formal recognition of their achievements and status in the occupation. Real estate asset managers who buy or sell property are required to be licensed by the State in which they practice.
Employment
Property, real estate, and community association managers held about 361,000 jobs in 2004. More that one-third worked for real estate agents and brokers, lessors of real estate, or property management firms. Others worked for real estate development companies, government agencies that manage public buildings, and corporations with extensive holdings of commercial properties. More than half of property, real estate, and community association managers were self-employed.
Job Outlook
Employment of property, real estate, and community association managers is projected to increase about as fast as average for all occupations through the year 2014. In addition to job growth, a number of openings are expected to occur as managers transfer to other occupations or leave the labor force. Opportunities should be best for those with a college degree in business administration, real estate, or a related field and for those who attain a professional designation.
Job growth among onsite property managers in commercial real estate is expected to accompany the projected expansion of the real estate and rental and leasing industry. An increase in the Nation's stock of apartments, houses, and offices also should require more property managers. Developments of new homes increasingly are being organized with community or homeowners' associations that provide community services and oversee jointly owned common areas requiring professional management. To help properties become more profitable or to enhance the resale values of homes, more commercial and residential property owners are expected to place their investments in the hands of professional managers.
The changing demographic composition of the population also should create more jobs for property, real estate, and community association managers. The number of older people will grow during the 200414 projection period, increasing the need for various types of suitable housing, such as assisted-living facilities and retirement communities. Accordingly, demand will rise for property and real estate managers to operate these facilitiesespecially those individuals who have a background in the operation and administrative aspects of running a health unit.
Earnings
Median annual earnings of salaried property, real estate, and community association managers were $39,980 in May 2004. The middle 50 percent earned between $27,190 and $59,360 a year. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $18,510, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $89,840 a year. Median annual earnings of salaried property, real estate, and community association managers in the largest industries that employed them in 2004 were as follows:
Local government $51,980
Offices of real estate agents and brokers 40,000
Activities related to real estate 38,370
Lessors of real estate 34,300
Many resident apartment managers and onsite association managers receive the use of an apartment as part of their compensation package. Managers often are reimbursed for the use of their personal vehicles, and managers employed in land development often receive a small percentage of ownership in the projects that they develop.
Related Occupations
Property, real estate, and community association managers plan, organize, staff, and manage the real estate operations of businesses. Workers who perform similar functions in other fields include administrative services managers, education administrators, food service managers, lodging managers, medical and health services managers, real estate brokers and sales agents, and urban and regional planners.
Differences between the Migration Estimates
from the American Community Survey and the Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the Current Population Survey
24 August, 2004
When fully implemented, the American Community Survey (ACS) will be the largest household survey in the United States. Like the decennial census long form it is designed to replace, the ACS provides labor force estimates for small geographic areas - most cities, counties, and metropolitan areas of 250,000 or more during the testing phase, and, beginning in 2010, the ACS will use multi-year averages to provide estimates for all areas down to census tracts/block groups. Estimates for the nation and states are also available. All ACS estimates are updated annually.
Because of its detailed questionnaire and its experienced interviewing staff, the Current Population Survey (CPS) Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) is a high quality source of information used to produce the official annual estimate of poverty, and estimates of a number of other socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, including income, health insurance coverage, school enrollment, marital status, and family structure.
The following summarizes the key differences between the ACS and the CPS:
Topic American Community Survey Current Population Survey
Principal Purpose Replace decennial census long form by providing annual (or multi-year average) estimates of selected social, economic, and housing characteristics of the population for many geographic areas and subpopulations. Produce specific socioeconomic and demographic estimates for the United States, and estimates for states for selected characteristics and subpopulations.
Geography Nation, states, and cities and counties of 250,000 or more. Eventually, areas as small as census tracts using multi-year averages. Nation, regions, and states for selected characteristics.
Sample Size About 800,000 addresses per year during the testing phase (2000-2004); about 3 million housing units per year when fully implemented (planned for 2005). Data are collected from about one-twelfth of the sample each month. Annual sample size is about 100,000 addresses.
Data Collection Method Mail, telephone, and personal-visit interviews for the 50 states and the District of Columbia. About half the responses are obtained by mail. When fully implemented, the ACS will include Puerto Rico. The ACS is a mandatory survey. Telephone and personal-visit interviews for the 50 states and the District of Columbia. The CPS is a voluntary survey.
Residency Status The ACS includes people at the address where they are at the time of the survey if they have been there, or will be there, more than 2 months, whether or not they have a "usual residence elsewhere." The CPS sample unit's householder (one of the people in whose name the unit is rented or owned) must consider the unit to be his or her place of usual residence (where he or she spends most of the time during the year) to be counted as an occupied unit, which is traditional in most censuses and housing surveys. If a family has more than one home, the interviewer has to determine if the sample unit is its usual residence.
Population Universe The testing phase of the ACS includes the household population. This universe includes both the civilian and military population in households and excludes the group quarters population. When fully implemented, the ACS will include both the household and the group quarters populations (that is, the resident population). The group quarters population consists of the institutionalized (such as people in correctional institutions or nursing homes) and the noninstitutionalized (most of whom are in college dormitories). The weighting is controlled to population estimates as of July 1 (e.g., July 1, 2003 for the 2003 ACS). The CPS includes the civilian noninstitutionalized population. This universe includes civilians in households, people in noninstitutional group quarters (other than military barracks) and military in households living off post or with their families on post (as long as at least one household member is a civilian adult). The universe excludes other military in households and in group quarters (barracks), and people living in institutions. The weighting is controlled to population estimates as of March 1 (e.g., March 1, 2004 for the 2004 CPS ASEC).
Question Detail The ACS asks if the person lived in the same house or apartment 1 year ago. If the respondent indicates that he or she did not live in the same house or apartment 1 year ago, then the city, town or post office, along with the county, state, and zip code of their residence 1 year ago, is requested. The respondent is also asked if he or she lived inside the city or town limits. ACS collects data every month and asks about residence one year earlier without referencing a specific date. The CPS also asks if the person lived in the same house or apartment 1 year ago. If the respondent indicates that he or she did not live in the same house or apartment 1 year ago, then the city, town or post office, along with the county, state, and zip code of their residence 1 year ago, is requested. The respondent is also asked if he or she lived inside the city or town limits. Prior to 2004 the CPS referenced a specific date, March 1st of the prior year. From 2004, the reference date of March 1st will be replaced with a reference to 'one-year ago'.
The Property Owners and Managers Survey (POMS) was designed to learn more about rental housing and the providers of rental housing. The purpose was to gain a better understanding of the property owners and managers on whom the nation depends to provide affordable rental housing and what motivates their rental and maintenance policies. Interviewing for the survey was done between November 1995 and June 1996.
A nationwide sample of approximately 16,300 housing units which were rented or vacant-for-rent in the 1993 American Housing Survey National Sample (AHS-N) was selected, and a questionnaire was mailed to the property owner, manager, or other agent of the owner of each property containing a selected unit. Detailed information was collected on maintenance, management practices, tenant policy, financial aspects of rental property ownership, owner characteristics, and related topics.
Analysts can use survey results to answer the question: Who are the owners of the nation's rental units and do their actions differ greatly between different segments of the rental market? The survey results also can be used to analyze the problems facing owners and managers of rental units, and as an aid in understanding more about what are considered priorities by owners and managers.
POMS Sample Areas
The addresses included in the POMS sample were limited to counties and independent cities in the 438 sampling areas used for the Census Bureau's 1993 American Housing Survey (AHS) National Sample.
Units Included
A unit (and the property containing the unit) was included in the survey if it was a privately owned rental unit in the 1993 AHS-N, and was still rental at the time of the POMS (November 1995 to June 1996). A unit was considered rental if it was either rented for cash rent, occupied by someone other than the owner without payment of cash rent, or vacant but available for rent.
Units Excluded
The following types of units (and the properties containing these units) were either excluded from the original sample, or were identified as being out of the scope of the survey during the conduct of the survey.
Units owned by a public housing authority
Units owned by the United States Military or any other Federal agency
Units that were owner-occupied
Units that were vacant, but were available for sale only
Units that were vacant, but were not available for rent or sale
Units used primarily as second or vacation homes
Units that were rental at the time of the 1993 AHS-N, but were no longer rental at the time of the POMS (November 1995 to June 1996)
Units that became rental after the 1993 AHS-N i.e., new construction and units converted from owner to rental
Relationship to Other Surveys
This survey does not duplicate work done in other Census Bureau surveys or studies that deal with rental units or properties, but can be used to supplement such surveys as the American Housing Survey (AHS) and the Residential Finance Survey (RFS).
Related Products
There are two public use microdata files available. The first is for units in single-unit rental properties which include:
Single-family detached houses
Single-family attached houses, rowhouses, or townhouses
Single housing units attached to a business
Condominium units (house or apartment)
Cooperative units (house or apartment)
Mobile homes
The second is for units in multi-unit rental properties (two or more housing units) which include:
Units in apartment buildings or complexes (non-condominium or cooperative)
Single-family houses with an extra unit such as a garage, attic, or basement apartment
Units in duplexes or triplexes
Units in any other property with two or more housing units
These files are available on magnetic tape or CD-ROM. They can be ordered from the Administrative and Customer Services Division, Customer Services (Order Desk), Bureau of the Census, Washington, DC 20233. Contact the Financial and Market Characteristics Branch at 301-763-3199 or visit ask.census.gov for further information on Property Owners & Managers Survey (POMS) Data.
Property Management
Buildings can be homes, stores, or offices to those who use them. To businesses and investors, properly managed real estate is a source of income and profits; to homeowners, it is a way to preserve and enhance resale values. Property, real estate, and community association managers maintain and increase the value of real estate investments. Property and real estate managers oversee the performance of income-producing commercial or residential properties and ensure that real estate investments achieve their expected revenues. Community association managers manage the common property and services of condominiums, cooperatives, and planned communities through their homeowners' or community associations.
When owners of apartments, office buildings, or retail or industrial properties lack the time or expertise needed for the day-to-day management of their real estate investments or homeowners' associations, they often hire a property or real estate manager or a community association manager. The manager is employed either directly by the owner or indirectly through a contract with a property management firm.
Generally, property and real estate managers handle the financial operations of the property, ensuring that rent is collected and that mortgages, taxes, insurance premiums, payroll, and maintenance bills are paid on time. In community associations, although homeowners pay no rent and pay their own real estate taxes and mortgages, community association managers must collect association dues. Some property managers, called asset property managers, supervise the preparation of financial statements and periodically report to the owners on the status of the property, occupancy rates, expiration dates of leases, and other matters.
Often, property managers negotiate contracts for janitorial, security, groundskeeping, trash removal, and other services. When contracts are awarded competitively, managers solicit bids from several contractors and advise the owners on which bid to accept. They monitor the performance of contractors and investigate and resolve complaints from residents and tenants when services are not properly provided. Managers also purchase supplies and equipment for the property and make arrangements with specialists for repairs that cannot be handled by regular property maintenance staff.
In addition to fulfilling these duties, property managers must understand and comply with provisions of legislation, such as the Americans with Disabilities Act and the Federal Fair Housing Amendment Act, as well as local fair housing laws. They must ensure that their renting and advertising practices are not discriminatory and that the property itself complies with all of the local, State, and Federal regulations and building codes.
Onsite property managers are responsible for the day-to-day operations of a single property, such as an office building, a shopping center, a community association, or an apartment complex. To ensure that the property is safe and properly maintained, onsite managers routinely inspect the grounds, facilities, and equipment to determine whether repairs or maintenance is needed. In handling requests for repairs or trying to resolve complaints they meet not only with current residents, but also with prospective residents or tenants to show vacant apartments or office space. Onsite managers also are responsible for enforcing the terms of rental or lease agreements, such as rent collection, parking and pet restrictions, and termination-of-lease procedures. Other important duties of onsite managers include keeping accurate, up-to-date records of income and expenditures from property operations and submitting regular expense reports to the asset property manager or owners.
Property managers who do not work onsite act as a liaison between the onsite manager and the owner. They also market vacant space to prospective tenants through the use of a leasing agent or by advertising or other means, and they establish rental rates in accordance with prevailing local economic conditions.
Some property and real estate managers, often called real estate asset managers, act as the property owners' agent and adviser for the property. They plan and direct the purchase, development, and disposition of real estate on behalf of the business and investors. These managers focus on long-term strategic financial planning, rather than on day-to-day operations of the property.
In deciding to acquire property, real estate asset managers take several factors into consideration, such as property values, taxes, zoning, population growth, transportation, and traffic volume and patterns. Once a site is selected, they negotiate contracts for the purchase or lease of the property, securing the most beneficial terms. Real estate asset managers review their company's real estate holdings periodically and identify properties that are no longer financially profitable. They then negotiate the sale of, or terminate the lease on, such properties.
In many respects, the work of community association managers parallels that of property managers. They collect monthly assessments, prepare financial statements and budgets, negotiate with contractors, and help to resolve complaints. In other respects, however, the work of these managers differs from that of other residential property and real estate managers. Community association managers interact with homeowners and other residents on a daily basis. Hired by the volunteer board of directors of the association, they administer the daily affairs, and oversee the maintenance, of property and facilities that the homeowners own and use jointly through the association. They also assist the board and owners in complying with association and government rules and regulations.
Some associations encompass thousands of homes and employ their own onsite staff and managers. In addition to administering the associations' financial records and budget, managers may be responsible for the operation of community pools, golf courses, and community centers and for the maintenance of landscaping and parking areas. Community association managers also may meet with the elected boards of directors to discuss and resolve legal issues or disputes that may affect the owners, as well as to review any proposed changes or improvements by homeowners to their properties, to make sure that they comply with community guidelines.
Working Conditions [About this section] Back to Top
The offices of most property, real estate, and community association managers are clean, modern, and well lighted. However, many managers spend a major portion of their time away from their desks. Onsite managers in particular may spend a large portion of their workday away from their offices, visiting the building engineer, showing apartments, checking on the janitorial and maintenance staff, or investigating problems reported by tenants. Property and real estate managers frequently visit the properties they oversee, sometimes on a daily basis when contractors are doing major repair or renovation work. Real estate asset managers may spend time away from home while traveling to company real estate holdings or searching for properties to acquire.
Property, real estate, and community association managers often must attend evening meetings with residents, property owners, community association boards of directors, or civic groups. Not surprisingly, many managers put in long workweeks, especially before financial and tax reports are due and before board and annual meetings. Some apartment managers are required to live in the apartment complexes where they work so that they are available to handle any emergency that occurs, even when they are off duty. They usually receive compensatory time off for working nights or weekends. Many apartment managers receive time off during the week so that they are available on weekends to show apartments to prospective residents.
Training, Other Qualifications, and Advancement
Most employers prefer to hire college graduates for property management positions. Entrants with degrees in business administration, accounting, finance, real estate, public administration, or related fields are preferred, but those with degrees in the liberal arts also may qualify. Good speaking, writing, computer, and financial skills, as well as an ability to deal tactfully with people, are essential in all areas of property management.
Many people enter property management as onsite managers of apartment buildings, office complexes, or community associations or as employees of property management firms or community association management companies. As they acquire experience working under the direction of a property manager, they may advance to positions greater responsibility at larger properties. Those who excel as onsite managers often transfer to assistant property manager positions, in which they can acquire experience handling a broad range of property management responsibilities.
Previous employment as a real estate sales agent may be an asset to onsite managers because it provides experience that is useful in showing apartments or office space. In the past, those with backgrounds in building maintenance have advanced to onsite manager positions on the strength of their knowledge of building mechanical systems, but this path is becoming less common as employers place greater emphasis on administrative, financial, and communication abilities for managerial jobs.
Although many people entering jobs such as assistant property manager do so by having previously gained onsite management experience, employers increasingly are hiring inexperienced college graduates with bachelor's or master's degrees in business administration, accounting, finance, or real estate for these positions. Assistants work closely with a property manager and learn how to prepare budgets, analyze insurance coverage and risk options, market property to prospective tenants, and collect overdue rent payments. In time, many assistants advance to property manager positions.
The responsibilities and compensation of property, real estate, and community association managers increase as these workers manage more and larger properties. Most property managers, often called portfolio managers, are responsible for several properties at a time. As their careers advance, they gradually are entrusted with larger properties that are more complex to manage. Many specialize in the management of one type of property, such as apartments, office buildings, condominiums, cooperatives, homeowners' associations, or retail properties. Managers who excel at marketing properties to tenants might specialize in managing new properties, while those who are particularly knowledgeable about buildings and their mechanical systems might specialize in the management of older properties requiring renovation or more frequent repairs. Some experienced managers open their own property management firms.
Persons most commonly enter real estate asset manager jobs by transferring from positions as property managers or real estate brokers. Real estate asset managers must be good negotiators, adept at persuading and handling people, and good at analyzing data in order to assess the fair-market value of property or its development potential. Resourcefulness and creativity in arranging financing are essential for managers who specialize in land development.
Many employers encourage attendance at short-term formal training programs conducted by various professional and trade associations that are active in the real estate field. Employers send managers to these programs to improve their management skills and expand their knowledge of specialized subjects, such as the operation and maintenance of building mechanical systems, the enhancement of property values, insurance and risk management, personnel management, business and real estate law, community association risks and liabilities, tenant relations, communications, accounting and financial concepts, and reserve funding. Managers also participate in these programs to prepare themselves for positions of greater responsibility in property management. The completion of these programs, related job experience, and a satisfactory score on a written examination leads to certification, or the formal award of a professional designation, by the sponsoring association. (Some organizations offering such programs are listed as sources of additional information at the end of this statement.) In addition to seeking these qualifications, some associations require their members to adhere to a specific code of ethics. In a few States, community association managers must be licensed.
Managers of public housing subsidized by the Federal Government are required to be certified, but many property, real estate, and community association managers who work with all types of property choose to earn a professional designation voluntarily, because it represents formal recognition of their achievements and status in the occupation. Real estate asset managers who buy or sell property are required to be licensed by the State in which they practice.
Employment
Property, real estate, and community association managers held about 361,000 jobs in 2004. More that one-third worked for real estate agents and brokers, lessors of real estate, or property management firms. Others worked for real estate development companies, government agencies that manage public buildings, and corporations with extensive holdings of commercial properties. More than half of property, real estate, and community association managers were self-employed.
Job Outlook
Employment of property, real estate, and community association managers is projected to increase about as fast as average for all occupations through the year 2014. In addition to job growth, a number of openings are expected to occur as managers transfer to other occupations or leave the labor force. Opportunities should be best for those with a college degree in business administration, real estate, or a related field and for those who attain a professional designation.
Job growth among onsite property managers in commercial real estate is expected to accompany the projected expansion of the real estate and rental and leasing industry. An increase in the Nation's stock of apartments, houses, and offices also should require more property managers. Developments of new homes increasingly are being organized with community or homeowners' associations that provide community services and oversee jointly owned common areas requiring professional management. To help properties become more profitable or to enhance the resale values of homes, more commercial and residential property owners are expected to place their investments in the hands of professional managers.
The changing demographic composition of the population also should create more jobs for property, real estate, and community association managers. The number of older people will grow during the 200414 projection period, increasing the need for various types of suitable housing, such as assisted-living facilities and retirement communities. Accordingly, demand will rise for property and real estate managers to operate these facilitiesespecially those individuals who have a background in the operation and administrative aspects of running a health unit.
Earnings
Median annual earnings of salaried property, real estate, and community association managers were $39,980 in May 2004. The middle 50 percent earned between $27,190 and $59,360 a year. The lowest 10 percent earned less than $18,510, and the highest 10 percent earned more than $89,840 a year. Median annual earnings of salaried property, real estate, and community association managers in the largest industries that employed them in 2004 were as follows:
Local government $51,980
Offices of real estate agents and brokers 40,000
Activities related to real estate 38,370
Lessors of real estate 34,300
Many resident apartment managers and onsite association managers receive the use of an apartment as part of their compensation package. Managers often are reimbursed for the use of their personal vehicles, and managers employed in land development often receive a small percentage of ownership in the projects that they develop.
Related Occupations
Property, real estate, and community association managers plan, organize, staff, and manage the real estate operations of businesses. Workers who perform similar functions in other fields include administrative services managers, education administrators, food service managers, lodging managers, medical and health services managers, real estate brokers and sales agents, and urban and regional planners.
Differences between the Migration Estimates
from the American Community Survey and the Annual Social and Economic Supplement to the Current Population Survey
24 August, 2004
When fully implemented, the American Community Survey (ACS) will be the largest household survey in the United States. Like the decennial census long form it is designed to replace, the ACS provides labor force estimates for small geographic areas - most cities, counties, and metropolitan areas of 250,000 or more during the testing phase, and, beginning in 2010, the ACS will use multi-year averages to provide estimates for all areas down to census tracts/block groups. Estimates for the nation and states are also available. All ACS estimates are updated annually.
Because of its detailed questionnaire and its experienced interviewing staff, the Current Population Survey (CPS) Annual Social and Economic Supplement (ASEC) is a high quality source of information used to produce the official annual estimate of poverty, and estimates of a number of other socioeconomic and demographic characteristics, including income, health insurance coverage, school enrollment, marital status, and family structure.
The following summarizes the key differences between the ACS and the CPS:
Topic American Community Survey Current Population Survey
Principal Purpose Replace decennial census long form by providing annual (or multi-year average) estimates of selected social, economic, and housing characteristics of the population for many geographic areas and subpopulations. Produce specific socioeconomic and demographic estimates for the United States, and estimates for states for selected characteristics and subpopulations.
Geography Nation, states, and cities and counties of 250,000 or more. Eventually, areas as small as census tracts using multi-year averages. Nation, regions, and states for selected characteristics.
Sample Size About 800,000 addresses per year during the testing phase (2000-2004); about 3 million housing units per year when fully implemented (planned for 2005). Data are collected from about one-twelfth of the sample each month. Annual sample size is about 100,000 addresses.
Data Collection Method Mail, telephone, and personal-visit interviews for the 50 states and the District of Columbia. About half the responses are obtained by mail. When fully implemented, the ACS will include Puerto Rico. The ACS is a mandatory survey. Telephone and personal-visit interviews for the 50 states and the District of Columbia. The CPS is a voluntary survey.
Residency Status The ACS includes people at the address where they are at the time of the survey if they have been there, or will be there, more than 2 months, whether or not they have a "usual residence elsewhere." The CPS sample unit's householder (one of the people in whose name the unit is rented or owned) must consider the unit to be his or her place of usual residence (where he or she spends most of the time during the year) to be counted as an occupied unit, which is traditional in most censuses and housing surveys. If a family has more than one home, the interviewer has to determine if the sample unit is its usual residence.
Population Universe The testing phase of the ACS includes the household population. This universe includes both the civilian and military population in households and excludes the group quarters population. When fully implemented, the ACS will include both the household and the group quarters populations (that is, the resident population). The group quarters population consists of the institutionalized (such as people in correctional institutions or nursing homes) and the noninstitutionalized (most of whom are in college dormitories). The weighting is controlled to population estimates as of July 1 (e.g., July 1, 2003 for the 2003 ACS). The CPS includes the civilian noninstitutionalized population. This universe includes civilians in households, people in noninstitutional group quarters (other than military barracks) and military in households living off post or with their families on post (as long as at least one household member is a civilian adult). The universe excludes other military in households and in group quarters (barracks), and people living in institutions. The weighting is controlled to population estimates as of March 1 (e.g., March 1, 2004 for the 2004 CPS ASEC).
Question Detail The ACS asks if the person lived in the same house or apartment 1 year ago. If the respondent indicates that he or she did not live in the same house or apartment 1 year ago, then the city, town or post office, along with the county, state, and zip code of their residence 1 year ago, is requested. The respondent is also asked if he or she lived inside the city or town limits. ACS collects data every month and asks about residence one year earlier without referencing a specific date. The CPS also asks if the person lived in the same house or apartment 1 year ago. If the respondent indicates that he or she did not live in the same house or apartment 1 year ago, then the city, town or post office, along with the county, state, and zip code of their residence 1 year ago, is requested. The respondent is also asked if he or she lived inside the city or town limits. Prior to 2004 the CPS referenced a specific date, March 1st of the prior year. From 2004, the reference date of March 1st will be replaced with a reference to 'one-year ago'.
WELCOME TO LAND STATISTICS 2006
Welcome to the 2006 edition of Land Statistics, published by the U.S. Department of the
Interior, Bureau of Land Management (BLM). As in years past, the cover of this year's publication is
designed to convey the scope of the Bureau's complex and multifaceted mission using visual imagery.
The 80-plus tables inside the document tell the story of the BLM's mission, programs, and
accomplishments using numerical data and detailed footnotes.
Many of the minor acreage changes from one year to the next occur because:
1. Inholdings have been acquired or some other land exchange has taken place during the year.
2. Better GIS mapping of land boundaries has enabled us to recalculate the total BLM acres within
the unit.
Land Statistics is available on the Internet. Please visit our national homepage at:
http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/res/Direct_Links_to_Publications/ann_rpt_and_pls.html .
Note that the data presented in the 2006 Public Land Statistics tables may not exactly match the data
in other BLM publications covering Fiscal Year 2006 operations and accomplishments. This occurs
because the databases that provide table data are not static; they are constantly being updated to
provide the latest information, sometimes many months after the end of the fiscal year. We have
presented the most current data available in this edition of Public Land Statistics.
We remain committed to publishing a Public Land Statistics report each year that is timely, complete,
and as helpful as possible to our readers.
COMMERCIAL USES AND REVENUES GENERATED
The demands being placed on the public lands are growing in tandem with the number and diversity of
the people the BLM serves. Our ability to meet these new demands will depend on improving the
Bureau's accountability to users of the public lands, while emphasizing the responsibility of these users to
adhere to an ethic that is sensitive to the land's health and responsive to the public's right to receive fair
value in return.
The BLM historically has made land available for authorized private sector activities, such as recreation,
energy and mineral commodity extraction, livestock forage use, sawtimber harvest, and other related land
use authorizations and land dispositions, and we will continue to do so. The BLM strives to ensure that
taxpayers receive a fair return from such transactions, consistent with existing laws. The BLM also
strives to ensure that adverse impacts on the land, to other users, and on the American public are
minimized so as to prevent long-term environmental impairment or the creation of unfunded taxpayer
liabilities.
The BLM administers almost 258 million surface acres of public land, about one-eighth of the land in the
United States, and approximately 700 million acres of on-shore Federal mineral estate on or underlying
both Federal surface ownerships and privately owned lands. The BLM also provides technical
supervision of mineral development and cadastral (land) survey on 56 million acres of American Indian
trust lands.
The following tables show the essential outputs of various interrelated programs that provide commercial
uses as shown in Tables 3-1 through 3-24. Tables 3-25 through 3-32 display outcome-oriented
information in terms of receipts or payments and the allocation of funds generated from commercial use
activities on public lands. Table 3-33 presents a financial update for the Southern Nevada Public Land
Management Act, while Table 3-24 presents information on the Federal Land Transaction Facilitation
Act.
Please note that only receipts and payments collected by the BLM are listed. For revenues derived from
BLM energy and mineral activities, refer to Mineral Revenues in the Annual Report of the Minerals
Management Service (MMS), a Department of the Interior agency. The onshore Federal mineral
revenues generated by the BLM and collected by the MMS, including royalties, rents, and bonus bids,
totaled $4,421 million for Fiscal Year 2006. Mineral operations on Indian trust lands generated
$589 million in revenue for Indian mineral owners.
Payment to States (Including Local Governments) and Territories
Table 3-30, Payments to States (Including Local Governments) and Territories, Fiscal Year 2006, has
been modified from previous years to reflect the transfer of responsibility for operating the Payment in
Lieu of Taxes (PILT) program from the Bureau of Land Management to the Department of the Interior,
Office of the Secretary. This transfer of responsibility became effective on December 7, 2004. Because
of this transfer, PILT payment information will no longer be reported on Table 3-30. Information on the
PILT program can be found on the website www.doi.gov/pilt/summary .
Authorizations in this table occur under 43 CFR 2920, which authorizes uses not specifically authorized under other laws or regulations and
not specifically forbidden by law. Residential, agricultural, industrial, and commercial uses may be authorized. Revenue collected reflects
monies actually received during the fiscal year.
/a/ This is a count of authorizations, regardless of livestock kind. Some lessees run more than one
kind of livestock and thus may be represented in more than one livestock column. However,
they are counted only once in this column.
/b/ There are no Section 15 lands in Utah.
/c/ These animal unit months (AUMs) were calculated for grazing that occurred during the months
covered by Fiscal Year 2005 (October 2004 September 2005).
/d/ Totals do not include authorized non-use.
Source: The BLM Rangeland Administration System (RAS).
Does not include values associated with the BLM's recently acquired Stewardship Contracting authority.
/
a/ This includes original (parent) sale volumes offered and small sales (sawtimber) offered during Fiscal Year 2006 but does not include
timber sale modifications approved during the fiscal year. This column includes only sales offered using Forms 5450-4 (Contract for Sale
of Timber, Scale Sale) and 5450-3 (Contract for the Sale of Timber, Lump Sum Sale), along with the sawtimber portion of sales offered
and/or negotiated using Form 5450-5 (Vegetative or Mineral Material Negotiated Cash Sale Contract).
/b/ Includes fuelwood, posts, poles, and other wood products.
/c/ Includes Christmas trees, cactus, seeds, yucca, pinyon nuts, mushrooms, yew bark, and other non-wood forest products/vegetal materials.
/d/ Eastern Oregon comprises public lands that include, and extend eastward from, Range 9 East, Willamette Meridian, and public lands in
the State of Washington.
/e/ Western Oregon comprises the revested Oregon and California (O&C) lands, the reconveyed Coos Bay Wagon Road lands, and other
public lands that include, and extend westward from, Range 8 East, Willamette Meridian.
Data comes from the Bureau of Land Management's Case Recordation System.
/b/ Service holes and completions are not necessarily located on producible leases. Data comes from the Bureau of Land Management's
Automated Fluid Minerals Support System.
Notices, including amendments and modifications to existing notices, submitted to the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) for operations
causing a cumulative surface disturbance of less than 5 acres per calendar year (43 CFR 3809.301).
/b/ Plans submitted to the Bureau of Land Management for operations under Wilderness Review (43 CFR 3802.1); plans submitted, including
modifications and amendments to existing plans, for areas of public lands where the cumulative surface disturbance will exceed 5 acres per
calendar year (43 CFR 3809, Sections 401 and 430); and plans submitted for Stockraising Homestead Act lands under 43 CFR 3809.31.
Table 3-25. RECEIPTS FROM THE DISPOSITION OF PUBLIC LANDS AND RESOURCES
MAY 20, 1785, THROUGH FISCAL YEAR 2006 concluded
Note: Includes the collections of the Bureau of Land Management and its two predecessor organizations: the General Land Office (1785-1946)
and the Grazing Service (1934-1946). For annual data for 1881-1946, see the General Land Office Statistical Appendix for 1946. For annual
data for 1947-1961, see the BLM Statistical Appendix for 1961. For annual data for 1962-1970, 1971-1980, 1981-1990, and 1991-2000, see
BLM Public Land Statistics for 1970, 1980, 1990, and 2000, respectively.
/a/ As of June 30 through 1976; thereafter, as of September 30.
Welcome to the 2006 edition of Land Statistics, published by the U.S. Department of the
Interior, Bureau of Land Management (BLM). As in years past, the cover of this year's publication is
designed to convey the scope of the Bureau's complex and multifaceted mission using visual imagery.
The 80-plus tables inside the document tell the story of the BLM's mission, programs, and
accomplishments using numerical data and detailed footnotes.
Many of the minor acreage changes from one year to the next occur because:
1. Inholdings have been acquired or some other land exchange has taken place during the year.
2. Better GIS mapping of land boundaries has enabled us to recalculate the total BLM acres within
the unit.
Land Statistics is available on the Internet. Please visit our national homepage at:
http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/res/Direct_Links_to_Publications/ann_rpt_and_pls.html .
Note that the data presented in the 2006 Public Land Statistics tables may not exactly match the data
in other BLM publications covering Fiscal Year 2006 operations and accomplishments. This occurs
because the databases that provide table data are not static; they are constantly being updated to
provide the latest information, sometimes many months after the end of the fiscal year. We have
presented the most current data available in this edition of Public Land Statistics.
We remain committed to publishing a Public Land Statistics report each year that is timely, complete,
and as helpful as possible to our readers.
COMMERCIAL USES AND REVENUES GENERATED
The demands being placed on the public lands are growing in tandem with the number and diversity of
the people the BLM serves. Our ability to meet these new demands will depend on improving the
Bureau's accountability to users of the public lands, while emphasizing the responsibility of these users to
adhere to an ethic that is sensitive to the land's health and responsive to the public's right to receive fair
value in return.
The BLM historically has made land available for authorized private sector activities, such as recreation,
energy and mineral commodity extraction, livestock forage use, sawtimber harvest, and other related land
use authorizations and land dispositions, and we will continue to do so. The BLM strives to ensure that
taxpayers receive a fair return from such transactions, consistent with existing laws. The BLM also
strives to ensure that adverse impacts on the land, to other users, and on the American public are
minimized so as to prevent long-term environmental impairment or the creation of unfunded taxpayer
liabilities.
The BLM administers almost 258 million surface acres of public land, about one-eighth of the land in the
United States, and approximately 700 million acres of on-shore Federal mineral estate on or underlying
both Federal surface ownerships and privately owned lands. The BLM also provides technical
supervision of mineral development and cadastral (land) survey on 56 million acres of American Indian
trust lands.
The following tables show the essential outputs of various interrelated programs that provide commercial
uses as shown in Tables 3-1 through 3-24. Tables 3-25 through 3-32 display outcome-oriented
information in terms of receipts or payments and the allocation of funds generated from commercial use
activities on public lands. Table 3-33 presents a financial update for the Southern Nevada Public Land
Management Act, while Table 3-24 presents information on the Federal Land Transaction Facilitation
Act.
Please note that only receipts and payments collected by the BLM are listed. For revenues derived from
BLM energy and mineral activities, refer to Mineral Revenues in the Annual Report of the Minerals
Management Service (MMS), a Department of the Interior agency. The onshore Federal mineral
revenues generated by the BLM and collected by the MMS, including royalties, rents, and bonus bids,
totaled $4,421 million for Fiscal Year 2006. Mineral operations on Indian trust lands generated
$589 million in revenue for Indian mineral owners.
Payment to States (Including Local Governments) and Territories
Table 3-30, Payments to States (Including Local Governments) and Territories, Fiscal Year 2006, has
been modified from previous years to reflect the transfer of responsibility for operating the Payment in
Lieu of Taxes (PILT) program from the Bureau of Land Management to the Department of the Interior,
Office of the Secretary. This transfer of responsibility became effective on December 7, 2004. Because
of this transfer, PILT payment information will no longer be reported on Table 3-30. Information on the
PILT program can be found on the website www.doi.gov/pilt/summary .
Authorizations in this table occur under 43 CFR 2920, which authorizes uses not specifically authorized under other laws or regulations and
not specifically forbidden by law. Residential, agricultural, industrial, and commercial uses may be authorized. Revenue collected reflects
monies actually received during the fiscal year.
/a/ This is a count of authorizations, regardless of livestock kind. Some lessees run more than one
kind of livestock and thus may be represented in more than one livestock column. However,
they are counted only once in this column.
/b/ There are no Section 15 lands in Utah.
/c/ These animal unit months (AUMs) were calculated for grazing that occurred during the months
covered by Fiscal Year 2005 (October 2004 September 2005).
/d/ Totals do not include authorized non-use.
Source: The BLM Rangeland Administration System (RAS).
Does not include values associated with the BLM's recently acquired Stewardship Contracting authority.
/
a/ This includes original (parent) sale volumes offered and small sales (sawtimber) offered during Fiscal Year 2006 but does not include
timber sale modifications approved during the fiscal year. This column includes only sales offered using Forms 5450-4 (Contract for Sale
of Timber, Scale Sale) and 5450-3 (Contract for the Sale of Timber, Lump Sum Sale), along with the sawtimber portion of sales offered
and/or negotiated using Form 5450-5 (Vegetative or Mineral Material Negotiated Cash Sale Contract).
/b/ Includes fuelwood, posts, poles, and other wood products.
/c/ Includes Christmas trees, cactus, seeds, yucca, pinyon nuts, mushrooms, yew bark, and other non-wood forest products/vegetal materials.
/d/ Eastern Oregon comprises public lands that include, and extend eastward from, Range 9 East, Willamette Meridian, and public lands in
the State of Washington.
/e/ Western Oregon comprises the revested Oregon and California (O&C) lands, the reconveyed Coos Bay Wagon Road lands, and other
public lands that include, and extend westward from, Range 8 East, Willamette Meridian.
Data comes from the Bureau of Land Management's Case Recordation System.
/b/ Service holes and completions are not necessarily located on producible leases. Data comes from the Bureau of Land Management's
Automated Fluid Minerals Support System.
Notices, including amendments and modifications to existing notices, submitted to the Bureau of Land Management (BLM) for operations
causing a cumulative surface disturbance of less than 5 acres per calendar year (43 CFR 3809.301).
/b/ Plans submitted to the Bureau of Land Management for operations under Wilderness Review (43 CFR 3802.1); plans submitted, including
modifications and amendments to existing plans, for areas of public lands where the cumulative surface disturbance will exceed 5 acres per
calendar year (43 CFR 3809, Sections 401 and 430); and plans submitted for Stockraising Homestead Act lands under 43 CFR 3809.31.
Table 3-25. RECEIPTS FROM THE DISPOSITION OF PUBLIC LANDS AND RESOURCES
MAY 20, 1785, THROUGH FISCAL YEAR 2006 concluded
Note: Includes the collections of the Bureau of Land Management and its two predecessor organizations: the General Land Office (1785-1946)
and the Grazing Service (1934-1946). For annual data for 1881-1946, see the General Land Office Statistical Appendix for 1946. For annual
data for 1947-1961, see the BLM Statistical Appendix for 1961. For annual data for 1962-1970, 1971-1980, 1981-1990, and 1991-2000, see
BLM Public Land Statistics for 1970, 1980, 1990, and 2000, respectively.
/a/ As of June 30 through 1976; thereafter, as of September 30.
/b/ Act of February 25, 1920 (41 Stat. 437; 20 U.S.C. 181 et seq.). Collection and distribution responsibilities for receipts under this Act were
transferred to the Minerals Management Service (MMS) as of October 1, 1983. The BLM has continued to collect oil and gas pipeline
rights-of-way rents; rents, bonuses, and royalties from Bankhead-Jones Land Utilization Project (LU) lands and National Petroleum and
Naval Oil Shale Petroleum Reserve lands; and royalties from South Half of Red River, Oklahoma. Other mineral and oil and gas receipts
are collected and reported by the MMS. This column includes Outer Continental Shelf leases prior to their transfer to the MMS, which was
effective May 10, 1982.
/c/ Before 1880, includes all receipts from the sale or lease of public lands and resources. After 1880, includes sales of Indian lands, revenues
from grazing, rent of land, and other miscellaneous sources.
/d/ Naval Oil Shale Petroleum Reserve (NOSR) receipts under the Mineral Leasing Act (30 U.S.C. 181 et seq.) were included in BLM collections
beginning in Fiscal Year 1999. The BLM is authorized to keep these receipts under the 1998 National Defense Authorization Act and to seek
appropriation of these funds for environmental restoration of the NOSR 1 and 3 properties, which were transferred to the BLM in 1998.
/e/ Includes Southern Nevada Public Land Management Act collections of $85,088,754 in Fiscal Year 2002, $281,261,484 in
Fiscal Year 2003, $530,531,906 in Fiscal Year 2004, $1,154,676,205 in Fiscal Year 2005, and $782,751,463 in Fiscal Year 2006.
This table shows Bureau of Land Management receipts under the special laws listed below.
Other mineral and oil and gas receipts are administered by the Minerals Management Service.
BLM receipts are collected under the following authorities:
Oil and gas pipeline rights-of-way, Mineral Leasing Act, 30 U.S.C. 191
National Petroleum Reserve (Alaska), 43 U.S.C. 1337
South Half of Red River (Oklahoma), 31 U.S.C. 725
LU Lands (Executive Order 10046), Bankhead-Jones Act (Executive Order 10787)
Fiscal Year 2006 full-amount Oregon and California (O&C) grant land payment ($107,927,931), and Fiscal Year 2006 full-amount Coos Bay
Wagon Road (CBWR) payment ($924,337), as required by Public Law 106-393 (114 Stat. 1613) dated October 30, 2000. This amount does
not include the Title II money for O&C ($8,164,700) and for CBWR ($88,183) that was retained by the Bureau of Land Management for
county projects.
The Federal Land Transaction Facilitation Act (FLTFA) of 2000 (Public Law 106-248; 114 Stat. 613) was signed by the President on
July 25, 2000. The purpose of FLTFA is to provide for the orderly disposal of certain Federal lands, fund the acquisition of inholdings
and other lands containing exceptional resources, and make money available to the Secretary of the Interior to purchase privately owned
lands lying within the boundary of federally designated areas, as well as other privately owned lands having exceptional scientific,
natural, historic, cultural, or recreational resource value. Ninety-six percent (96%) of the proceeds (purchase money or cash equalization
payment) received by the United States from the sale or exchange of public lands is deposited in a separate account in the Treasury of the
United States, entitled the "Federal Land Disposal Account." Four percent (4%) of the proceeds received by the United States from the
sale or exchange of public lands are distributed to any trust funds of the State.
Purchase money includes all revenues collected by the BLM during the reporting fiscal year from all ongoing cases leading to patent;
however, this money is not always received in the same year that the patent is issued. Purchase money enters into the land exchange
process because exchanges must result in equal value given and received by both parties; this means that cash equalization payments are
sometimes collected or made by the Bureau of Land Management to ensure an equitable exchange.
/a/ Sales pursuant to Section 203 of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act (FLPMA) of 1976 (Public Law 94-579; 90 Stat. 2750;
43 U.S.C. 1713). Purchase money received from these sales is subject to Title II of the Federal Land Transaction Facilitation Act
(FLTFA) of 2000 (Public Law 106-248; 114 Stat. 613).
/b/ Exchanges pursuant to Section 206 of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act (FLPMA) of October 21, 1976 (Public Law 94-579;
90 Stat. 2756). Purchase money (case equalization payments) received from these exchanges is subject to Title II of the Federal Land
Transaction Facilitation Act (FLTFA) of 2000 (Public Law 106-248; 114 Stat. 613). See Table 5-8, Land Exchanges and Acquisitions,
for more details.
/c/ Lands acquired pursuant to Title II of the Federal Land Transaction Facilitation Act (FLTFA) of 2000 (Public Law 106-248;
114 Stat. 613). See Table 5-8, Land Exchanges and Acquisitions, for more details.
The total area of the 50 United States is 2.3 billion acres. The first public domain was created in 1781
when New York agreed to surrender to the Federal government its claim to unsettled territory that
extended westward to the Mississippi River. Other colonies followed New York's example and, by 1802,
all of the land west of the colonies between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River
belonged to the Federal government. In the course of national expansion from 1781 to 1867, the public
domain rapidly grew beyond the bounds of the Appalachian West, with the Federal government acquiring
over 1.8 billion acres of public domain lands.
Accurate surveys were needed before the new public lands could be identified for sale or other
disposition. In 1785, the Continental Congress adopted an ordinance setting up a survey system for the
public domain lands. The General Land Office (predecessor to the present-day Bureau of Land
Management) was established to oversee the surveying and disposal of the public lands. Various public
land laws were enacted by Congress to accomplish these disposals. The land disposals built the country's
economic foundation, opened the West to settlement, and united the vast expanses of land into one
Nation. To raise money to repay Revolutionary War debts and encourage settlement of new territories,
the Federal government sold or granted vast tracts of public lands to settlers, homesteaders, veterans,
towns, new States entering the Union, railroads, Agricultural and Mechanical colleges and universities,
and private companies. To date, almost 1.3 billion acres of public lands have been transferred out of
Federal government ownership.
Congress recognized the need to protect the Nation's natural, historical, and cultural resources while
providing opportunities for recreation. Special acts withdrew millions of acres of public lands from
settlement for National Parks, National Forests, National Monuments, National Wildlife Refuges,
National Trails, and National Wild and Scenic Rivers. Some of the best-known Congressional
withdrawals include Yellowstone National Park, Grand Canyon National Park, and Death Valley National
Monument.
The Nation's expanding population and mobile society created a demand for a variety of public land uses.
Changes in public attitudes and a concern for environmental values and open space began to compete
with the need for development and increased production. Congress, recognizing the value of the
remaining public domain lands, enacted the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (FLPMA).
This Act declares that, with the exception for individual tracts that may be disposed of in the national
interest, it is the policy of the United States to retain its public lands in Federal ownership. The Act
mandates that the Bureau of Land Management administer the public lands under the concept of multiple
uses, while protecting the long-term health of the land. Today, the Bureau of Land Management
administers about 258.2 million surface acres of public land and approximately 700 million acres of
Federal subsurface mineral estate in the United States. The Bureau of Land Management is responsible
for managing these lands and their various resources so that they are utilized in a manner that will best
meet the present and future needs of the Nation.
Table 1-1, Acquisition of the Public Domain, contains summary data on territories acquired by the
Federal government during the course of national expansion. Thirty states commonly called the "public
land States" were created as a result of these acquisitions (Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas,
California, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota,
Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma,
Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming).
transferred to the Minerals Management Service (MMS) as of October 1, 1983. The BLM has continued to collect oil and gas pipeline
rights-of-way rents; rents, bonuses, and royalties from Bankhead-Jones Land Utilization Project (LU) lands and National Petroleum and
Naval Oil Shale Petroleum Reserve lands; and royalties from South Half of Red River, Oklahoma. Other mineral and oil and gas receipts
are collected and reported by the MMS. This column includes Outer Continental Shelf leases prior to their transfer to the MMS, which was
effective May 10, 1982.
/c/ Before 1880, includes all receipts from the sale or lease of public lands and resources. After 1880, includes sales of Indian lands, revenues
from grazing, rent of land, and other miscellaneous sources.
/d/ Naval Oil Shale Petroleum Reserve (NOSR) receipts under the Mineral Leasing Act (30 U.S.C. 181 et seq.) were included in BLM collections
beginning in Fiscal Year 1999. The BLM is authorized to keep these receipts under the 1998 National Defense Authorization Act and to seek
appropriation of these funds for environmental restoration of the NOSR 1 and 3 properties, which were transferred to the BLM in 1998.
/e/ Includes Southern Nevada Public Land Management Act collections of $85,088,754 in Fiscal Year 2002, $281,261,484 in
Fiscal Year 2003, $530,531,906 in Fiscal Year 2004, $1,154,676,205 in Fiscal Year 2005, and $782,751,463 in Fiscal Year 2006.
This table shows Bureau of Land Management receipts under the special laws listed below.
Other mineral and oil and gas receipts are administered by the Minerals Management Service.
BLM receipts are collected under the following authorities:
Oil and gas pipeline rights-of-way, Mineral Leasing Act, 30 U.S.C. 191
National Petroleum Reserve (Alaska), 43 U.S.C. 1337
South Half of Red River (Oklahoma), 31 U.S.C. 725
LU Lands (Executive Order 10046), Bankhead-Jones Act (Executive Order 10787)
Fiscal Year 2006 full-amount Oregon and California (O&C) grant land payment ($107,927,931), and Fiscal Year 2006 full-amount Coos Bay
Wagon Road (CBWR) payment ($924,337), as required by Public Law 106-393 (114 Stat. 1613) dated October 30, 2000. This amount does
not include the Title II money for O&C ($8,164,700) and for CBWR ($88,183) that was retained by the Bureau of Land Management for
county projects.
The Federal Land Transaction Facilitation Act (FLTFA) of 2000 (Public Law 106-248; 114 Stat. 613) was signed by the President on
July 25, 2000. The purpose of FLTFA is to provide for the orderly disposal of certain Federal lands, fund the acquisition of inholdings
and other lands containing exceptional resources, and make money available to the Secretary of the Interior to purchase privately owned
lands lying within the boundary of federally designated areas, as well as other privately owned lands having exceptional scientific,
natural, historic, cultural, or recreational resource value. Ninety-six percent (96%) of the proceeds (purchase money or cash equalization
payment) received by the United States from the sale or exchange of public lands is deposited in a separate account in the Treasury of the
United States, entitled the "Federal Land Disposal Account." Four percent (4%) of the proceeds received by the United States from the
sale or exchange of public lands are distributed to any trust funds of the State.
Purchase money includes all revenues collected by the BLM during the reporting fiscal year from all ongoing cases leading to patent;
however, this money is not always received in the same year that the patent is issued. Purchase money enters into the land exchange
process because exchanges must result in equal value given and received by both parties; this means that cash equalization payments are
sometimes collected or made by the Bureau of Land Management to ensure an equitable exchange.
/a/ Sales pursuant to Section 203 of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act (FLPMA) of 1976 (Public Law 94-579; 90 Stat. 2750;
43 U.S.C. 1713). Purchase money received from these sales is subject to Title II of the Federal Land Transaction Facilitation Act
(FLTFA) of 2000 (Public Law 106-248; 114 Stat. 613).
/b/ Exchanges pursuant to Section 206 of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act (FLPMA) of October 21, 1976 (Public Law 94-579;
90 Stat. 2756). Purchase money (case equalization payments) received from these exchanges is subject to Title II of the Federal Land
Transaction Facilitation Act (FLTFA) of 2000 (Public Law 106-248; 114 Stat. 613). See Table 5-8, Land Exchanges and Acquisitions,
for more details.
/c/ Lands acquired pursuant to Title II of the Federal Land Transaction Facilitation Act (FLTFA) of 2000 (Public Law 106-248;
114 Stat. 613). See Table 5-8, Land Exchanges and Acquisitions, for more details.
The total area of the 50 United States is 2.3 billion acres. The first public domain was created in 1781
when New York agreed to surrender to the Federal government its claim to unsettled territory that
extended westward to the Mississippi River. Other colonies followed New York's example and, by 1802,
all of the land west of the colonies between the Appalachian Mountains and the Mississippi River
belonged to the Federal government. In the course of national expansion from 1781 to 1867, the public
domain rapidly grew beyond the bounds of the Appalachian West, with the Federal government acquiring
over 1.8 billion acres of public domain lands.
Accurate surveys were needed before the new public lands could be identified for sale or other
disposition. In 1785, the Continental Congress adopted an ordinance setting up a survey system for the
public domain lands. The General Land Office (predecessor to the present-day Bureau of Land
Management) was established to oversee the surveying and disposal of the public lands. Various public
land laws were enacted by Congress to accomplish these disposals. The land disposals built the country's
economic foundation, opened the West to settlement, and united the vast expanses of land into one
Nation. To raise money to repay Revolutionary War debts and encourage settlement of new territories,
the Federal government sold or granted vast tracts of public lands to settlers, homesteaders, veterans,
towns, new States entering the Union, railroads, Agricultural and Mechanical colleges and universities,
and private companies. To date, almost 1.3 billion acres of public lands have been transferred out of
Federal government ownership.
Congress recognized the need to protect the Nation's natural, historical, and cultural resources while
providing opportunities for recreation. Special acts withdrew millions of acres of public lands from
settlement for National Parks, National Forests, National Monuments, National Wildlife Refuges,
National Trails, and National Wild and Scenic Rivers. Some of the best-known Congressional
withdrawals include Yellowstone National Park, Grand Canyon National Park, and Death Valley National
Monument.
The Nation's expanding population and mobile society created a demand for a variety of public land uses.
Changes in public attitudes and a concern for environmental values and open space began to compete
with the need for development and increased production. Congress, recognizing the value of the
remaining public domain lands, enacted the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976 (FLPMA).
This Act declares that, with the exception for individual tracts that may be disposed of in the national
interest, it is the policy of the United States to retain its public lands in Federal ownership. The Act
mandates that the Bureau of Land Management administer the public lands under the concept of multiple
uses, while protecting the long-term health of the land. Today, the Bureau of Land Management
administers about 258.2 million surface acres of public land and approximately 700 million acres of
Federal subsurface mineral estate in the United States. The Bureau of Land Management is responsible
for managing these lands and their various resources so that they are utilized in a manner that will best
meet the present and future needs of the Nation.
Table 1-1, Acquisition of the Public Domain, contains summary data on territories acquired by the
Federal government during the course of national expansion. Thirty states commonly called the "public
land States" were created as a result of these acquisitions (Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas,
California, Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota,
Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma,
Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming).
Table 1-2, Disposition of the Public Domain, includes summary data and cumulative acreage totals for
public lands disposed of by the Federal government. Among the earliest disposal actions were grants of
land to veterans of the Revolutionary War. Later, grants were made to new States entering the union, as
well as for the creation of Agricultural and Mechanical colleges and universities. The Homestead Act
permitted settlers to obtain land for agricultural purposes. Grants were also made for the construction of
railroads. With the exception of the Desert Land Act of 1877 (which was amended), all of the land grant
and disposal acts have been repealed or superseded by other acts. Therefore, the data contained in
Table 1-2, except for the State of Alaska, is subject to little or no change.
Table 1-3, Mineral and Surface Acres Administered by the Bureau of Land Management, contains
summary data of mineral estate administration by the Bureau of Land Management and the Bureau of
Indian Affairs. This table replaced the U.S. General Services Administration table entitled "Comparison
of Federally Owned Land with Total Acreage by State" in 2001.
Table 1-4, Public Lands Under Exclusive Jurisdiction of the Bureau of Land Management, contains
summary data of public lands in each State that are currently under the administrative jurisdiction of the
Bureau of Land Management. By law the States of Maryland, Texas, and Virginia are not public land
States. By virtue of the Articles of Confederation and later the Constitution, the States of Maryland and
the Commonwealth of Virginia retained control of their public lands when they entered the Union. When
the State of Texas entered the Union by a joint resolution of Congress, it was allowed to retain control of
its public lands. The BLM acquired the 548 acres of lands in Maryland and 805 acres of land in Virginia
in separate acquisitions under Sec. 205 of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976,
43 U.S.C. 1715, as amended. The BLM also acquired 11,833 acres of land in the State of Texas by
Secretarial Order 3198 dated March 12, 1996.
Table 1-5, Area of Oregon and California (O&C) Revested Lands, depicts data on revested (Oregon &
California Railroad) lands and reconveyed (Coos Bay Wagon Road Company) lands. These lands are
administered under the Oregon and California Revested Lands Sustained Yield Management Act of
August 28, 1937 (50 Stat. 874), as amended by the Act of June 24, 1954 (68 Stat. 271).
Table 1-6, Withdrawals, Revocations, Modifications, and Extensions, presents a compilation of
withdrawals, revocations, modifications, and extensions administratively made by the Secretary of the
Interior. These withdrawals are for a specific duration that can vary from less than 1 year to as many as
50 years, with a provision for extension if the withdrawal is still needed.
Table 1-7, Cadastral Survey Actions Completed, contains a summary of cadastral surveys completed on
public lands managed by the Bureau of Land Management during the past year. In order to effectively
manage the public lands, areas must be identified both by graphic representation and by monumentation
on the ground. This is accomplished by cadastral surveys, an exclusive and significant responsibility of
the Bureau of Land Management. Cadastral surveys create and establish on-the-ground boundaries of
public land subdivisions in units suitable for management and for identification in official field notes and
plats. This table also summarizes cadastral surveys the Bureau of Land Management has completed on
lands managed by other Federal agencies.
Table 1-8, Obligations of Appropriations Received, contains a summary of obligations of appropriations
made to the Bureau of Land Management during Fiscal Year 2006, as well as a summary of obligations of
appropriations transferred from other bureaus and agencies to the Bureau. This table summarizes all
funds that were obligated to manage the Bureau's lands and assist other agencies.
Note: Data are estimated from available records. The acreage data consist of cumulative totals from the
year 1781 to the current fiscal year.
Public land states consist of the States of Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California,
Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota,
Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Ohio,
Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.
/a/ Chiefly public, private, and preemption sales, but includes mineral entries, scrip locations, and
sales of townsites and townlots.
/b/ The homestead laws generally provided for the granting of lands to homesteaders who settled
upon and improved vacant agricultural public lands. Payment for the lands was sometimes
permitted, or required, under certain conditions. The homestead laws were repealed by the
Federal Land Policy and Management Act of October 21, 1976, as amended (Public Law 94-579;
90 Stat. 2743; 43 U.S.C. 1701).
/c/ Universities, hospitals, asylums, etc.
/d/ For construction of various public improvements (individual items not specified in the granting
acts), reclamation of desert lands, construction of water reservoirs, etc.
/e/ The government has confirmed title to lands claimed under valid grants made by foreign
governments prior to the acquisition of the public domain by the United States.
/f/ The timber and stone laws provided for the sale of lands valuable for timber or stone and unfit for
cultivation.
/g/ The timber culture laws provided for the granting of public lands to settlers if they planted and
cultivated trees on the lands granted. Payments for the lands were permitted under certain
conditions.
/h/ The desert land laws provided for the sale of arid agricultural public lands to settlers who
irrigated them and brought them under cultivation. Some desert land patents are still being issued
(refer to Table 3-1, Patents Issued).
/i/ Alaska Statehood Act of July 7, 1958 (72 Stat. 338), as amended. Acreage figures fluctuate
annually based on survey of previously conveyed acres, new conveyance, corrective documents,
title recovery, and regular audits of automated data. The figures were compiled in 2006 using
annual reports from Fiscal Year 1993 through Fiscal Year 2006.
/j/ Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) of December 18, 1971 (43 U.S.C. 1601).
Acreage figures fluctuate annually based on survey of previously conveyed acres, new
conveyance, corrective documents, title recovery, and regular audits of automated data. The
figures were compiled in 2006 using annual reports from Fiscal Year 1993 through
Fiscal Year 2006.
MINERAL AND SURFACE ACRES ADMINISTERED BY
THE BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT, FISCAL YEAR 2006 concluded
Note: This table and the accompanying maps represent 2 years of effort involved in researching, collecting, analyzing, and verifying data from
numerous sources, and then coordinating and consulting with BLM State staff and other agencies. It presents a "snapshot" of data as of
1999. Because of the scope and complexity involved in creating and updating this table, and the fact that it is intended to present an
approximation of the surface and mineral acreages managed by the BLM, yearly updates are not planned.
Estimated acreages were based on various sources of published and unpublished data. The rationale used to develop these data is
presented in "Public Lands, On-Shore Federal and Indian Minerals in Lands of the U.S.," prepared by Sie Ling Chiang of BLM's
Washington Office in 2000. The first column, Land Total, is taken from Table 1-3, Public Land Statistics, 1999, while the fifth column,
BLM Public Lands, comes from Table 1-4, Public Land Statistics, 2006.
/a/ The term Federal Minerals refers to on-shore Federal minerals that are part of the BLM's responsibilities. The on-shore Federal mineral
acreage approximates the sum of Federal Surface Lands acres and Split-Estate Federal Minerals acres shown in the next two columns.
As of 1999, the total was approximately 700 million acres.
/b/ Federal Surface Lands include both the public domain and acquired lands of all Federal agencies. With the exception of an estimated
4 million acres of the acquired lands, Federal mineral rights exist in all Federal lands.
/c/ The term Split-Estate Federal Minerals refers to Federal mineral rights under private surface lands. These are patented lands with
minerals reserved to the U.S. Reservations may be for single, multiple, or all minerals. The 58 million acres is the mid-point of estimates
ranging from 55 to 60 million acres (provided by the BLM's Colorado State Office). This results in a significantly lower acreage than
that shown in Table 3-2; any future updates will hopefully address this inconsistency.
/d/ On these public lands, the BLM manages both surface resources and subsurface minerals. The surface acreage is part of the Federal
Surface Lands shown in the third column. The subsurface mineral acreage is part of the Federal Mineral estate included in the second
column. As of 2006, the BLM's public lands comprise 258 million surface acres; refer to Table 1-4 of Public Land Statistics.
/e/ As part of its trust management responsibility, the BLM provides technical supervision of mineral development on 56 million acres of
American Indian trust lands except for Osage lands. All minerals in Indian trust lands are "leasable." Acreage information was obtained
in 1999 from the Real Estate Services staff of the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
LAND SUBDIVIDERS AND DEVELOPERS (SIC 655)
Establishments primarily engaged in subdividing real property
into lots, and in developing it for resale on their own account.
Establishments primarily engaged in developing lots for others
are classified in Industry 1794.
LAND SUBDIVIDERS AND DEVELOPERS, EXCEPT CEMETERIES (SIC 6552)
Establishments primarily engaged in subdividing real property
into lots, except cemetery lots, and in developing it for resale
on their own account. Establishments primarily engaged in
developing lots for others are classified in Industry 1794.
233110 Land Subdivision and Land Development
This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarily engaged in
subdividing real property into lots and/or developing building lots
for sale.
The data published with NAICS code 233110 include the following SIC
industries:
6552 Land subdividers and developers, except cemeteries
public lands disposed of by the Federal government. Among the earliest disposal actions were grants of
land to veterans of the Revolutionary War. Later, grants were made to new States entering the union, as
well as for the creation of Agricultural and Mechanical colleges and universities. The Homestead Act
permitted settlers to obtain land for agricultural purposes. Grants were also made for the construction of
railroads. With the exception of the Desert Land Act of 1877 (which was amended), all of the land grant
and disposal acts have been repealed or superseded by other acts. Therefore, the data contained in
Table 1-2, except for the State of Alaska, is subject to little or no change.
Table 1-3, Mineral and Surface Acres Administered by the Bureau of Land Management, contains
summary data of mineral estate administration by the Bureau of Land Management and the Bureau of
Indian Affairs. This table replaced the U.S. General Services Administration table entitled "Comparison
of Federally Owned Land with Total Acreage by State" in 2001.
Table 1-4, Public Lands Under Exclusive Jurisdiction of the Bureau of Land Management, contains
summary data of public lands in each State that are currently under the administrative jurisdiction of the
Bureau of Land Management. By law the States of Maryland, Texas, and Virginia are not public land
States. By virtue of the Articles of Confederation and later the Constitution, the States of Maryland and
the Commonwealth of Virginia retained control of their public lands when they entered the Union. When
the State of Texas entered the Union by a joint resolution of Congress, it was allowed to retain control of
its public lands. The BLM acquired the 548 acres of lands in Maryland and 805 acres of land in Virginia
in separate acquisitions under Sec. 205 of the Federal Land Policy and Management Act of 1976,
43 U.S.C. 1715, as amended. The BLM also acquired 11,833 acres of land in the State of Texas by
Secretarial Order 3198 dated March 12, 1996.
Table 1-5, Area of Oregon and California (O&C) Revested Lands, depicts data on revested (Oregon &
California Railroad) lands and reconveyed (Coos Bay Wagon Road Company) lands. These lands are
administered under the Oregon and California Revested Lands Sustained Yield Management Act of
August 28, 1937 (50 Stat. 874), as amended by the Act of June 24, 1954 (68 Stat. 271).
Table 1-6, Withdrawals, Revocations, Modifications, and Extensions, presents a compilation of
withdrawals, revocations, modifications, and extensions administratively made by the Secretary of the
Interior. These withdrawals are for a specific duration that can vary from less than 1 year to as many as
50 years, with a provision for extension if the withdrawal is still needed.
Table 1-7, Cadastral Survey Actions Completed, contains a summary of cadastral surveys completed on
public lands managed by the Bureau of Land Management during the past year. In order to effectively
manage the public lands, areas must be identified both by graphic representation and by monumentation
on the ground. This is accomplished by cadastral surveys, an exclusive and significant responsibility of
the Bureau of Land Management. Cadastral surveys create and establish on-the-ground boundaries of
public land subdivisions in units suitable for management and for identification in official field notes and
plats. This table also summarizes cadastral surveys the Bureau of Land Management has completed on
lands managed by other Federal agencies.
Table 1-8, Obligations of Appropriations Received, contains a summary of obligations of appropriations
made to the Bureau of Land Management during Fiscal Year 2006, as well as a summary of obligations of
appropriations transferred from other bureaus and agencies to the Bureau. This table summarizes all
funds that were obligated to manage the Bureau's lands and assist other agencies.
Note: Data are estimated from available records. The acreage data consist of cumulative totals from the
year 1781 to the current fiscal year.
Public land states consist of the States of Alabama, Alaska, Arizona, Arkansas, California,
Colorado, Florida, Idaho, Illinois, Iowa, Indiana, Kansas, Louisiana, Michigan, Minnesota,
Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska, Nevada, New Mexico, North Dakota, Ohio,
Oklahoma, Oregon, South Dakota, Utah, Washington, Wisconsin, and Wyoming.
/a/ Chiefly public, private, and preemption sales, but includes mineral entries, scrip locations, and
sales of townsites and townlots.
/b/ The homestead laws generally provided for the granting of lands to homesteaders who settled
upon and improved vacant agricultural public lands. Payment for the lands was sometimes
permitted, or required, under certain conditions. The homestead laws were repealed by the
Federal Land Policy and Management Act of October 21, 1976, as amended (Public Law 94-579;
90 Stat. 2743; 43 U.S.C. 1701).
/c/ Universities, hospitals, asylums, etc.
/d/ For construction of various public improvements (individual items not specified in the granting
acts), reclamation of desert lands, construction of water reservoirs, etc.
/e/ The government has confirmed title to lands claimed under valid grants made by foreign
governments prior to the acquisition of the public domain by the United States.
/f/ The timber and stone laws provided for the sale of lands valuable for timber or stone and unfit for
cultivation.
/g/ The timber culture laws provided for the granting of public lands to settlers if they planted and
cultivated trees on the lands granted. Payments for the lands were permitted under certain
conditions.
/h/ The desert land laws provided for the sale of arid agricultural public lands to settlers who
irrigated them and brought them under cultivation. Some desert land patents are still being issued
(refer to Table 3-1, Patents Issued).
/i/ Alaska Statehood Act of July 7, 1958 (72 Stat. 338), as amended. Acreage figures fluctuate
annually based on survey of previously conveyed acres, new conveyance, corrective documents,
title recovery, and regular audits of automated data. The figures were compiled in 2006 using
annual reports from Fiscal Year 1993 through Fiscal Year 2006.
/j/ Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act (ANCSA) of December 18, 1971 (43 U.S.C. 1601).
Acreage figures fluctuate annually based on survey of previously conveyed acres, new
conveyance, corrective documents, title recovery, and regular audits of automated data. The
figures were compiled in 2006 using annual reports from Fiscal Year 1993 through
Fiscal Year 2006.
MINERAL AND SURFACE ACRES ADMINISTERED BY
THE BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT, FISCAL YEAR 2006 concluded
Note: This table and the accompanying maps represent 2 years of effort involved in researching, collecting, analyzing, and verifying data from
numerous sources, and then coordinating and consulting with BLM State staff and other agencies. It presents a "snapshot" of data as of
1999. Because of the scope and complexity involved in creating and updating this table, and the fact that it is intended to present an
approximation of the surface and mineral acreages managed by the BLM, yearly updates are not planned.
Estimated acreages were based on various sources of published and unpublished data. The rationale used to develop these data is
presented in "Public Lands, On-Shore Federal and Indian Minerals in Lands of the U.S.," prepared by Sie Ling Chiang of BLM's
Washington Office in 2000. The first column, Land Total, is taken from Table 1-3, Public Land Statistics, 1999, while the fifth column,
BLM Public Lands, comes from Table 1-4, Public Land Statistics, 2006.
/a/ The term Federal Minerals refers to on-shore Federal minerals that are part of the BLM's responsibilities. The on-shore Federal mineral
acreage approximates the sum of Federal Surface Lands acres and Split-Estate Federal Minerals acres shown in the next two columns.
As of 1999, the total was approximately 700 million acres.
/b/ Federal Surface Lands include both the public domain and acquired lands of all Federal agencies. With the exception of an estimated
4 million acres of the acquired lands, Federal mineral rights exist in all Federal lands.
/c/ The term Split-Estate Federal Minerals refers to Federal mineral rights under private surface lands. These are patented lands with
minerals reserved to the U.S. Reservations may be for single, multiple, or all minerals. The 58 million acres is the mid-point of estimates
ranging from 55 to 60 million acres (provided by the BLM's Colorado State Office). This results in a significantly lower acreage than
that shown in Table 3-2; any future updates will hopefully address this inconsistency.
/d/ On these public lands, the BLM manages both surface resources and subsurface minerals. The surface acreage is part of the Federal
Surface Lands shown in the third column. The subsurface mineral acreage is part of the Federal Mineral estate included in the second
column. As of 2006, the BLM's public lands comprise 258 million surface acres; refer to Table 1-4 of Public Land Statistics.
/e/ As part of its trust management responsibility, the BLM provides technical supervision of mineral development on 56 million acres of
American Indian trust lands except for Osage lands. All minerals in Indian trust lands are "leasable." Acreage information was obtained
in 1999 from the Real Estate Services staff of the Bureau of Indian Affairs.
LAND SUBDIVIDERS AND DEVELOPERS (SIC 655)
Establishments primarily engaged in subdividing real property
into lots, and in developing it for resale on their own account.
Establishments primarily engaged in developing lots for others
are classified in Industry 1794.
LAND SUBDIVIDERS AND DEVELOPERS, EXCEPT CEMETERIES (SIC 6552)
Establishments primarily engaged in subdividing real property
into lots, except cemetery lots, and in developing it for resale
on their own account. Establishments primarily engaged in
developing lots for others are classified in Industry 1794.
233110 Land Subdivision and Land Development
This U.S. industry comprises establishments primarily engaged in
subdividing real property into lots and/or developing building lots
for sale.
The data published with NAICS code 233110 include the following SIC
industries:
6552 Land subdividers and developers, except cemeteries